- A qualified retirement plan meets certain requirements in order to receive tax benefits not available to other types of plans.
- These plans may be structured so that the plan is part of an employer's retirement benefits package, or they may be independent of an employer plan.
- The qualified plan may accept tax deductible or non-deductible contributions.
- If the contributions are tax deductible, then all withdrawals from the plan are taxable.
- If the plan contributions are non-deductible (as is the case with Roth accounts), the withdrawals are normally tax-free.
- Regardless, all plans allow for tax-free buildup inside the plan.
Non-Qualified Government Regulated, Registered and Recognized Foreign Retirement Plan
- Non-qualified retirement plans fail to meet IRS guidelines for qualified retirement accounts.
- These plans accept only non-deductible contributions.
- Money is taxable to the employee when it is received.
- All money that grows inside the plan is tax-free, however.
Most Clients use both the Qualified and Non-Qualified Structures to organize their financial accounts FROM outside the USA
If you want to use borrowed money in your investments FROM Offshore, we will recommend a strategy used by Mitt Romney, 2012 Presidential Candidate, to deal with Unrelated Business Income Tax (UBIT) and IRS form 990-T.
Unrelated Business Income Tax (UBIT)
If you want to use your IRA to invest with leverage, offshore planning offers a solution to UBIT.
This page comes from Mitt Romney's Bain Capital playbook and uses an Offshore Blocker Corporation.
Basically, Mr. Romney was able to grow his U.S. IRA to over $100 million through the use of leverage,
UBIT Blocker Corporations, savvy investments, and international tax planning.
Comment: Offshore IRA LLCs and UBIT Blocker Corporations are legal tax mitigation techniques for tax exempt entities such as IRAs.
The use of offshore UBIT Blocker Corporations takes some explanation and I feel the need to go in to some detail here.
Generally, an IRA is exempt from U.S. federal income tax on its passive investment income and pays tax on most other types of income.
This taxable income is referred to as Unrelated Business Taxable Income (UBTI). UBTI is defined as any net income derived by a tax-exempt
entity from an unrelated trade or business that it regularly carries on.
Basically, the percentage of income that is treated as debt-financed is the percentage of the acquisition cost that is financed by borrowed funds.
So, as stated above, if one-half of the purchase price of an asset is borrowed, then one-half of the income from the asset may be subject to UBIT.
Also, if an IRA LLC invests in a business, then the IRA's share of the profits derived from that business are likely UBTI.
If Indebtedness is incurred by a partnership or limited liability company of which the IRA is a member, the IRA will probably have UBTI.
Partnership income from international hedge funds and active businesses is likely the source of Mr. Romney's UBTI and the reason he requires
UBIT Blocker Corporation(s).
However, debt incurred by a corporation is not viewed as debt incurred by a shareholder for this purpose. In other words, a corporation can take on debt which will not count against its shareholders (your IRA) and thereby not generate UBTI. Because debt incurred by a corporation is not treated as debt of its shareholders, and there is an exclusion from UBIT for dividends received from a corporation, an investment in or held through a corporation generally does not result in UBIT.
So, the UBIT Blocker Corporation works by taking the income out of the taxable category of business income or income from leverage and
placing it in the nontaxable category of a dividend. But, why must it be structured offshore? Simple, if the corporation were in the United States,
its income would be taxable in the U.S. at the corporate rate of 35%. Only after paying corporate level tax could the corporation distribute a dividend to your IRA.
By forming the UBIT Blocker Corporation offshore, in a country that will not tax your corporation's income, no U.S. tax need be paid by this entity.
Remember: We are talking about an offshore corporation wholly owned by a U.S. tax exempt retirement account.
We do not consider the tax consequences of an active business owned by a U.S. citizen or resident...an individual rather than a tax exempt entity.
The Structure
It is not exceedingly expensive or complex to run an IRA for large investments. First, let's consider the traditional offshore IRA structure.
Step 1, we move your IRA account to a custodian experienced in offshore IRA LLCs. This moves it to a self-directed IRA without tax consequence.
Step 2, we reach a Checkbook IRA LLC by having the new custodian invest in the offshore IRA LLC we created with you as the manager.
Once the funds go from the custodian to your offshore IRA LLC, you have checkbook control and can manage your IRA as you see fit.
In addition, the Checkbook IRA LLC allows for partnering with other investors.
Now, let's say you want to invest in a business or hedge fund (as Mr. Romney does) that will generate ordinary income, and thus UBTI.
- We need to add a UBIT Blocker Corporation to the mix by placing an offshore corporation between your offshore IRA LLC and your investments.
- To allow for this type of investment, we form a UBIT Blocker Corporation in an offshore jurisdiction that will not tax its income which is wholly owned by your offshore IRA LLC.
- Your IRA LLC invests money in the blocker corporation and the blocker corporation invests in those projects that are likely to generate ordinary income / leveraged income / UBTI.
In some cases, each investment is held in its own offshore LLC, which flows through to the blocker corporation.
These LLCs might hold the shares of an active business, a hotel property, and a yacht that you purchased with three friends to be rented out for
fishing and other events.
The example above would require an Offshore Checkbook IRA LLC, a UBIT Blocker Corporation, and possibly three offshore LLCs to hold three investments.
Conclusion
Converting an IRA in to a Checkbook IRA LLC gives out client complete control over his most important investment account.
Taking that Checkbook IRA LLC offshore allows him to access tax tools and investment models known and understood by the super wealthy.
If he wants to use borrowed money, we are ready to handle Unrelated Business Income Tax (UBIT) and IRS form 990-T.
When an IRA purchases real estate using a non-recourse mortgage loan, the debt financed portion of the property's profits are subject to UBIT.
Similarly, if an IRA-owned property is sold while a percentage of ownership is debt financed, the profits derived from the debt financed percentage
are subject to Unrelated Business Income Tax.
For example, if you purchase a home for $100,000, with $50,000 from your IRA and $50,000 from an unsecured loan, and your net rental income is $2,000 per month,
$1,000 per month of that income will be subject to UBIT and $1,000 will flow tax free in to your IRA. If you then sell the property for $150,000, about $25,000 of the
profits from the sale will be subject to tax. The applicable tax rate is a sliding scale and ranges from 15% to 35% for tax year 2012.
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